Background: According to the UNAIDS 2007 report, there are an estimated 33.2 million people living with HIV and 2.5 million became newly infected with the virus while 2.1 million lost their lives because of HIV. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of traditional premarital sexual practice on the prevalence of HIV and other sexual transmitted diseases. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2018 G.C at Gambella Peoples’ National Regional State. A sample of 151 youth of age between 15-24 from three kebles and 9 elders and 8 officers were taken for the study using simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique. It was analyzed using simple statistical techniques and chisquare and logistic regression. Results: The results of this study indicated that 100% of the respondents were practiced sex starting with the minimum age of first sexual intercourse 10 and maximum age of 19. Having multiple sexual partners and the elders’ response/encouragement of the tradition had shown high positive relationship and effect with prevalence rate of STDs. Conclusion: Prevalence of HIV and sexual transmitted diseases were relatively high. Therefore, it is better to be designed appropriate interventions and working together with deferent stakeholders for the implementation of the intervention and as well as to reduce the transmission rate. Keywords: Traditional Premarital Sexual Practice; Multi Sexual Partners; Ethiopia.

Malaria is still an important health problem in the world. The detection of insecticide resistance in natural populations of Anopheles vectors is necessary for malaria control. CDC bottle bioassay as new tool has been employed for detecting insecticide resistance by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WHO's standard tube-test method for the assessment of susceptibility levels of adult An.stephensi to the malathion, permethrin, and propoxur were determined and compared two methods.
The larvae of An.stephensi were collected from the natural environments of malaria foci, Sistan, and Baluchistan province, Southern Iran. They were colonized at the insectary of the School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Science. The susceptibility tests were carried out on sugar-fed female mosquitoes aged 2-3 days against malathion 5%, permethrin 0.75%, and propoxur 1%. The data were analyzed by probit and t-test using SPSS ver. 18.0. The mortality and knockdown rates as well as the parameters of regression analysis, including LT50 and LT90 was determined.
The mortality rate was calculated at 99.7% and 100% for malathion, 100%, and 100% for permethrin, and 66.2% and 90.3% were revealed for the propoxur using CDC and WHO methods at 30 and 60 min respectively.
A comparative study of the CDC and WHO methods on An.stephensi showed similar results except for the propoxur.

Head lice infection is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. Lice have shown resistance to insecticides, and as a result, these insecticides have lost their effectiveness. The main objective is to find the status of insecticide resistance to different insecticides in the world. An intensive search of scientific literature was reviewed using the search term in the following databases: “PubMed”, “Web of Knowledge”, “Scopus”, “Google Scholar”, “SID”, etc. The WHO guideline was considered for insecticide resistant level. There is now strong evidence of insecticide resistance in many countries to the point that some of these chemicals are obsolete. The lack of a local monitoring system for resistance patterns has made head lice treatment difficult. Clear treatment guidelines developed by health care professionals for cypress lice should follow local/national resistance patterns.The results is generalizable to real-world populations.These guidelines should combine chemical and non-chemical approaches to treatment and be reviewed by local public health departments in a coordinated and regular manner. Effective pharmaceutical companies must be present to deliver the up-to-date effects of their products.

Malaria continues to be main vector-borne dieses in Iran. The remain transmission area in Southern Iran is Bandar Abbas . By year 2020 the program of country is malaria elimination. The main vector control is using insecticide as Indoor Residual Spraying. The aim of study was to evaluate the susceptibility of main malaria vector An. stephensi to different insecticides recommended by WHO. All the insecticides papers supported by WHO and evaluation of insecticide resistance of Anopheles stephensi, to different chemical groups of imagicides including DDT 4%,Dieldrin 0.4%, Malathion 5%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Deltamethrin 0.25%, Permethrin 0.75% , Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, Bendiocarb 0.5%,Bendiocarb 0.1%, PBO 4% +Deltamethrin 0.05% were followed by WHO guideline. Results of susceptibility test against different insecticides revealed that An.stephensi is candidate of resistance to DDT and resistant to Deltamethrin 0.05%, Bendiocarb 0.5%, Bendiocarb 0.1% and susceptible to other insecticides. Knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes in local and global scales.

Malaria is a health problem globally. There are several vector control measures. Using repellent to protect human from biting of vectors is one of the best ways. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of plant against biting of malaria vector, An.stephensi under laboratory conditions.
Chemical constituents of Ferulago angulate plant were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Efficacy and the protection time of plant were evaluated on Anopheles stephensi. A total of 40 compounds were identified in plant. Flourensiadiol (17.4%) dehydro-sabina keton (13.3%), β-maaliene (8.8%) was the highest in the plant. The mean assessed protection time and efficacy for plant was 60 and 100 minutes respectively. ED50 and ED90 values for this plant were 18.12 and 93.19 μl /cm2 respectively.
Results showed that plant has an acceptable protection time, therefore, this plant could be considered as a good herbal repellent against anopheles mosquitoes.

Patients’ satisfaction is one of the most important indicators in measuring the quality of care provided specially in nursing services to the hospitalized patients. Satisfaction evaluation is the reflection of the patient’s point of view comparing with the realities of the care received.