The preservative role of the methanolic maceratives of pre-pupal stages of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (MMPPSBSF) was assessed against the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced changes in biochemical parameters in blood of rats. Administration of DMBA in the experimental animals (rat, Rattus norwegicus L.) caused decrease in levels of total proteins, albumin and globulin; elevation of urea, uric acid and creatinine levels and elevation of the velocity of biochemical reactions catalysed by the enzyme Asparate-Aminotransferase (AST); enzyme Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Treating the experimental animals (rat, Rattus norwegicus L.) with Methanol Extractives of Pre-pupal Stages of Black Soldier Fly (MEPSBSF) in present attempt was found to cause a significant increase in the levels of total proteins, albumin and globulin in the serum. Methanol Extractives of Pre-pupal Stages of Black Soldier Fly (MEPSBSF) thus, providing protection through maintenance of level of the total proteins, albumin and globulin in the serum. Use of Methanol Extractives of Prepupal Stages of Black Soldier Fly (MEPSBSF) may open a new avenue to control the damages caused by the carcinogens.

Background: Extended spectrum β-lactamases are the group of beta-lactamase enzymes which confer resistance to the oxyimino-cephalosporins and monobactams. Emergence of ESBL producing genes which possess a serious threat for the treatment of infections both in community and hospitals since it is found to be increasing trends of multidrug resistance. This study was focused to find out the ESBLs producing genes.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 2 years (September 2018 to April 2020) at microbiology laboratory of Nepal Mediciti Hospital. Clinical samples were processed in microbiology laboratory and culture isolates were identified and characterized by standard microbiological techniques following standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases were phenotypically confirmed by combined disc method. ESBL producing genes i.e. blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV were confirmed by PCR.

Results: Of the 1449 total E.coli isolates, 323/1449(22.29%) isolates were multi -drug resistance. Among total MDR Escherichia coli isolates, 215/323(66.56%) isolates were ESBL producers. The maximum number of ESBL Escherichia coli was isolated from urine 194(90.23%), followed by sputum 12(5.58%), swab 5 (2.32%), pus 2 (0.93%) and blood 2 (0.93%).Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of ESBL E.coli producers showed highest sensitivity towards tigecycline (100%) followed by polymyxin b, colistin and meropenem. Out of 215 phenotypically confirmed ESBL E.coli, only 186(86.51%) isolates were found to positive by PCR. The last 29(13.49%) were negative for any of the resistant genes. Among the ESBL genotypes, most common was blaTEM 118(63.4%) followed by blaCTX-M 68(36.6%).

Conclusion: The emergence of MDR and ESBL producing E.coli isolates with high antibiotic resistant rates to commonly used antibiotics and increased predominance of major gene type’s blaTEM is a serious concern to the clinicians as well as microbiologist. This study forwarded a real massage to all the clinicians for the emergence of XDR and PDR resistant bacteria and preservation of antibiotics for their proper use in near future, if past experience with MDR and ESBLs is any indicator.

Haematococcus pluvialis can produce and accumulate large
amounts of astaxanthin under stress conditions. In this
study we investigated influence of different concentrations
of azide (0, 25, 50 and 100 μM), in two-time periods (pretreatment-
7 days and treatment- 14 days) to compare
the changes on growth and biochemical parameters in
green and red stages. Azide treatment and preptreatment
caused a decrease in all measured parameters except of
carotenoid in green stage. Carotenoid content did not show
any changes in azide treatment but pre-treatment with low
concentration induced carotenoid accumulation in green
stage. The amount of dry weight, protein and carbohydrate
did not change in red cells that had treated with azide, but
carotenoid content decreased in these cells. Pre-treated with
azide had a negative effect on the amount of protein and
carbohydrate but increased the carotenoid content. Azide
pre-treatment had better performance in increasing the
amount of carotenoids in red cell. These results show that
H. pluvialis offer potential to phytoremediation of azide and
carotenoid accumulation.

Kluyveromyces fragilis has a place with the Ascomycetes class, which incorporates families that produce endospores and mycelia without clamp associations. Ascomycetes dont produce urease, yet they ferment explicit saccharides. Kluyveromyces fragilis is utilized for biotechnological processes due to its ability to ferment lactose using lactose permeases

We hereby present a retrospective analysis of clinical
data collected from the coronavirus disease (COVID)
positive patients admitted to our Centre for treatment.

In order to contain the spreading of newly emerged SARSCoV-2, one or more of the following approaches are required: destabilizing the virion in the environment, disrupting its recognition and entry to host cells, and interfering with its replication inside host cells. Previous research has successfully identified some means to inactivate airborne virions and virion-contaminated surfaces. However, those approaches are not feasible in inactivating virions in environments that are in proxy to human exposure and physiological environment due to their toxicity or inconvenience. While vaccination and therapeutics have been developed for fighting the virus in a physiological environment, the main focus has been using the spike proteins (S) as primary antigenic targets. However, S proteins are subjected to rapid mutation and have a considerable degree of variation across different strains and variants. Thus, antivirals targeting S proteins couldn’t be applied universally to cope with rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and potential outbreaks of other strains of coronavirus in the future. In this paper, we attempt to review present findings in developing antivirals, and, specifically, analyze the disinfection mechanism of alcohol in an aqueous environment. We introduce a penetration mechanism that could explain the concentration-dependent disinfection potency of alcohol when applied to SARSCoV-2, and conclude that the interior of the virion is more fragile compared to its exterior. Based on such findings, we aim to propose a guideline for future research to look for antivirals that could target genomic materials of SARSCoV-2, which could inactivate a spectrum of coronavirus without damaging human cells.

Background: Infections are among the most serious complications of Sickle cell disease, especially in children under five years of age, who are at heightened risk due to functional asplenia and immune dysregulation. This study aimed to characterize the burden of infections in this high-risk group.

Methods: A retrospective review of physical medical records was conducted for all children and adolescents diagnosed with SCD who received care between January and December 2024. Data were extracted from hospital registries and included demographic information, hemoglobin electrophoresis profiles, reasons for consultation, identified pathogens, and results of antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Results: Of the 240 SCD patients included, 56 (23.3%) presented with infectious complications. Females accounted for 55.36% of these cases. The majority of infections occurred in children under 10 years, with 53.6% in the 0–5 years age group and 35.7% in the 5–10 years group. Septicemia was the most frequent infection (37%), followed by osteomyelitis (25%) and bronchopneumonia (20%). Less common infections included urinary tract infections (9%), arthritis (5%), and myositis (4%). Salmonella spp. was the predominant pathogen (29%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16%), Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae (14% each). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Salmonella spp. strains were fully sensitive to all tested antibiotics, including Amoxicillin, Ertapenem, and Cotrimoxazole.

Conclusion: Invasive bacterial infections, particularly septicemia and osteomyelitis, are prevalent among pediatric SCD patients in Senegal. Salmonella spp. emerged as the leading pathogen, with encouraging antibiotic sensitivity profiles. These findings underscore the need for targeted infection prevention strategies and optimized antimicrobial stewardship in this vulnerable population.