Context: Adnexal masses represent a spectrum of disorders arising from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, broad ligament and soft tissues surrounding the uterus. They can be classified as gynaecological or non-gynaecological, benign, borderline or malignant. Symptomatology of adnexal mass ranges from completely vague symptoms to acute abdomen hence early diagnosis and management can lead to favourable outcomes. Objectives: To study the clinical profile of post- menopausal women undergoing surgicalintervention for adnexal masses and to classify adnexal masses as benign and malignant based on clinical, biochemical and radiological criteria. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective study design carried out at a tertiary care rural medical college in Gujarat. Subjects and Methods: Data was collected from medical record files of all post-menopausal women admitted to our hospital for surgical management of adnexal mass. Clinical profile, radiological, biochemical and histopathological records of these patients were studied in detail. Statistical Analysis: Statistical programme used for analysis was STATA 14.2. Results: 16 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. About 13 patients with adnexal mass had presented with abdominal pain as chief complain. And 4 patients having post-menopausal bleeding. Most common site of origin of adnexal masses was ovary followed by fallopian tube. Most common adnexalmass on histopathological diagnosis was serous variety (9 cases, 56.25%) followed by mucinous cyst adenoma (3 cases, 18.75%), mature cystic teratoma (1 case, 6.25%), paraovarian cyst (1 case, 6.25%), hydrosalpinx (1 case, 6.25%), fibroma (1 case, 6.25%). Among 16 patients, 4 (25 %) patients were diagnosed with borderline or high-grade ovarian tumours. In the search of malignant adnexal mass Sensitivity of Ca125 (Cancer antigen- 125) was 75% and Specificity of Ca-125 was found to be 81%. Sensitivity of RMI (Risk of Malignancy Index) >100 was 75% and specificity was 75 while Sensitivity and Specificity of RMI>200 was 75% and 91% respectively.

Conclusion: Adnexal masses have been a challenge for the treating gynaecologist. Detailed history, clinical examination, biochemical markers & imaging gives a fair idea about the site of origin & also helps in differentiating benign from malignant masses. Ovarian origin of adnexal masses is the most common & majority of them are benign but a high index of suspicion should be kept for malignancy in case of post-menopausal age group. Ca-125 and RMI definitely helps to differentiate between benign and malignant potential.

Objective: There has been an interest in the relationship between ABO blood groups and infertility. We explored the relevance of blood type to ovarian reserve, as reflected by early follicular phase FSH levels The design: This study was a retrospective analysis of the association between ABO blood type and ovarian reserve and included 872 women at Basra teaching for Maternity and Childhood hospital and Al mawany teaching hospital / Iraq between 2013 and 2016. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed basic characteristic and blood group data from 872 women who classified into 417 infertile women who were undergoing fertility evaluation at Basra teaching for Maternity and Childhood hospital, Basra speciality center for IVF between 2013 and 2016 fertility evaluation and 455womenwho visited the labor word at Al Mawany teaching hospital between 2013 and 2016. The patients’ age was procured just for those between 30 and 45 years of age. Early follicular phase serum FSH level (IU/L) was collected for infertile women then they were classified into the following two groups based on their S.FSH level: The diminished ovarian reserve group (S.FSH≥10 IU/L) and Non- diminished ovarian reserve group (S.FSH<10 IU/L). We analyzed the distributions of basic symptoms and different blood types within these two groups to investigate the association between the blood group and ovarian reserve. Results: among 872 women prevalence of blood groups according to the order of frequency was A (25.5%), B (28%), AB (15.9%) and O (30.6%).There was a statistically significantly higher percentage of blood group O among those with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels ≥ 10 IU/L compared with those with FSH levels <10 IU/L. Conversely, the women with blood groups A and B had a protective effect against diminished ovarian reserve; while blood group AB had no association with ovarian reserve. Conclusion: The O blood group appears to be associated with diminished ovarian reserve, whereas The A and B blood group appears to be protective for ovarian reserve. Further studies are needed to establish causality and identify the underlying mechanisms for the association.

Background: In the human, infertility is a serious reproductive health problem in the world and more than 15% couples are infertile. Male infertility is a highly complex phenomenon involving large number of factors including endocrine dysfunction, socioeconomic, lifestyle, use of alcohol, drugs, exposure with radiations, chemical (pesticides) and automobile fumes. The genetic factors like complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs), microdeletion of Y-chromosome (AZF regions) and genes assigned on autosomal region of the chromosomes are also associated with male infertility. Objective: The role of Sycp3 gene mutation in infertile patients is not clear in Indian population. Therefore, the present study has been designed to evaluate the percentage frequency of synaptonemal complex protein-3 (Sycp3) gene mutation and simultaneously also assess the frequency of DNA copy number variations in nonobstructive azoospermic (NOA) cases. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two different sets of up and down stream amplicons, both from clinically diagnosed cases of NOA and controls of the same age group. Results: The present study shows mainly categorised, three type of Sycp-3 gene mutations i.e., the complete disappearance bands (absent), over expression and under expression. Interestingly, significant (p<0.05) individual variations were observed in the frequency (%) of complete disappearance (null) of 173bp (8.33%) and 568 bp (12.5%) amplicon followed by calculated value of odd ratio 6.45and 5.00 with confidence interval varies (C.I) at 95% interval 0.76-55.04 and 1.04-24.02, respectively in the cases of NOA when compared with controls. Similarly, the frequency of over expression (up regulation) in 173bp (5.55%) and 568bp (2.77%) amplicons were also showing significant variations (p<0.05). Further study was extended to calculate the DNA copy number variations, which again shows statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between NOA cases and controls. Conclusions. The present findings of Sycp-3 gene mutation using two different amplicons in cases of NOA concluded significant variations of Sycp-3 gene mutation of 568 bp amplicon along with DNA CNVs showing negative impact on spermatogenesis leading to male infertility.

Objective: The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between intestinal parasitic infection and anemia among pregnant women in Ethiopia. We include six studies in different regions of Ethiopia. We have done this study focusing on intestinal parasitic infection Materials and Methods: The databases searched were PUBMED and Advanced Google Scholar. on reference manager software reporting intestinal parasitic infection and anemia among pregnant women . Three researchers were carried out the data extraction and assessed independently the articles for inclusion in the review using risk-of-bias tool guided by PRISMA checklist. The combined adjusted Odds ratios (OR)) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random effect model Results: six observational studies involving 2838 participants, 557 pregnant women who have anemia were included. The combined effect size (OR) for anemia comparing pregnant women who have intestinal parasitic infection versus pregnant women women who did not have intestinal parasitic infection was 3.74 (ORMH = 3.74, 95% CI 2.58- 5.43) Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.13; Chi² = 13.11, df = 5 (P = 0.02); I² = 62% Test for overall effect: Z = 6.94 (P < 0.00001) No publication bias was observed (Egger’s test: p = 0.074 , Begg’s test: p = 0.091 ). 23.99% (681) pregnant women have intestinal parasitic infection during current pregnancy In all studies, the proportion of anemia among pregnant women who have intestinal parasitic infection during current pregnancy was 227 (33.33%).

Conclusions: The likelihood of anemia among pregnant women is approximately four times higher among pregnant women who had intestinal parasitic infection than who did not have the infection in Ethiopia

Objective: To access the accuracy of visual inspection methods for diagnosing cervical dysplasia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out between 1st December 2016 and 30th April 2017. All cases positive to Visual Inspections with Acetic acid (VIA) or with Lugol’s Iodine (VILI) as well as cases of macroscopic abnormal cervices, irrespective of the results of visual inspection, had a colposcopy-directed biopsy. Results: A total of 109 women out of 1127 screened for cervical dysplasia had both visual inspection and biopsy done. Te Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive and Negative predictive values were 44.6%, 52.2%, 75% and 22.6% for VIA and 90.5%, 13.0%, 77.0% and 30% for VILI respectively. Conclusion: In our setting, the sensitivity of VILI in diagnosing cervical dysplasia is higher than that of VIA. Therefore, to reduce the rate of undiagnosed cervical dysplasia that might evolve to cancer, VILI should always be used in combination with VIA.